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The University of London International Programmes is a division of the University of London which manages external study programmes. Several colleges and institutes of the University of London offer degrees through the programme, including Birkbeck, Goldsmiths, Heythrop College, Institute of Education, King's College London, London School of Economics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway, Royal Veterinary College, School of Oriental and African Studies and University College London. The System offers courses of study for undergraduate and postgraduate diplomas and degrees to more than 50,000 students around the world.〔"About Us", University of London International Programmes Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/about_us/index.shtml〕 A designated constituent institution of the University of London, called the 'lead college', creates materials to allow students to study at their own pace. Examinations take place at testing centres on the world on specified dates. Hallmarks of the programme are its low cost in comparison to attendance in London, and the possibility of pursuing either full-time or part-time study. As stated in the University of London Statutes,〔University of London Statutes, 14 December 2005 http://www.london.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/about/governance/statutes.pdf〕 International Programmes students are graded on the same standard as internal students to ensure a uniform credentialing process.〔University of London Parity Standards, Document http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/about_us/related_docs/parity_standards.pdf〕 A student who completes a course of study under the programme is awarded a University of London degree with a notation specifying which lead college provided the instruction. ==History== The institution that later became known as University College London was established in 1828, calling itself "London University", although without official recognition of university status. The institution - following the Scottish model in curriculum and teaching - was non-denominational and, given the intense religious rivalries at the time, there was an outcry against the "godless" university. The issue soon boiled down to which institutions had degree-granting powers and which institutions did not.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sheldon Rothblatt, "Review: Supply and Demand: The Two Histories of English Education", ''History of Education Quarterly'', Vol. 28, No. 4., Winter, 1988, pp. 627-644 )〕 The compromise solution that emerged in 1836 was that the sole authority to conduct the examinations leading to degrees would be given to a new officially recognised entity called the "University of London", which would act as examining body for the University of London colleges, originally University College London and King's College London, and award their students University of London degrees. As Sheldon Rothblatt states, "thus arose in nearly archetypal form the famous English distinction between teaching and examining, here embodied in separate institutions."〔 With the state giving examining powers to a separate entity, the groundwork was laid for the creation of a programme within the new university that would both administer examinations and award qualifications to students taking instruction at another institution or pursuing a course of self-directed study. Referred to as "People's University" by Charles Dickens because it provided access to higher education to students from less affluent backgrounds, the External Programme was chartered by Queen Victoria in 1858, making the University of London the first university to offer distance learning degrees to students. Enrolment increased steadily in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and during the Second World War there was a further increase in enrolments from soldiers stationed abroad as well as soldiers imprisoned in German POW camps. Because the Geneva Convention (1929) stipulated that every prisoner of war, in addition to being entitled to adequate food and medical care, had the right to exchange correspondence and receive parcels, many British POWs took advantage of this opportunity and enrolled in the University of London External Programme. The soldiers were sent study materials by mail, and at specified intervals sat for proctored exams in the camps. Almost 11,000 exams were taken at 88 camps between 1940 and 1945.〔 Though the failure rate was high, substantial numbers of soldiers earned degrees while imprisoned. With the advent of inexpensive airmail services after the war, the number of external students taking University of London courses increased dramatically.〔 The University of London International Programmes commemorated its 150th anniversary in 2008.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=150th Anniversary - microsite )〕 A specially commissioned anniversary book was produced to mark the occasion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=150th Anniversary - microsite )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「University of London International Programmes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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